Teach Me How to Google

# Teach Me How to <svg aria-label="Google Logo" role="img" viewBox="0 0 488 512" style="height:1em;width:0.95em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#93C6C2;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Google Logo</title><path d="M488 261.8C488 403.3 391.1 504 248 504 110.8 504 0 393.2 0 256S110.8 8 248 8c66.8 0 123 24.5 166.3 64.9l-67.5 64.9C258.5 52.6 94.3 116.6 94.3 256c0 86.5 69.1 156.6 153.7 156.6 98.2 0 135-70.4 140.8-106.9H248v-85.3h236.1c2.3 12.7 3.9 24.9 3.9 41.4z"/></svg>oogle<br>

<br>

<span style = 'font-size: 130%;'>Sam Csik | Data Training Coordinator</span>

National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis<br>

<br>

<span style = 'font-size: 130%;'>Brown School StatLab, Washington University in St. Louis | March 2022</span>

Slides & source code available on [<svg aria-label="GitHub" role="img" viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;width:0.97em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#93C6C2;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>GitHub</title><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg>](https://github.com/samanthacsik/teach-me-how-to-google)

.footnote[
[Original talk](https://github.com/UCSB-MEDS/teach-me-how-to-google) developed for the [Master of Environmental Data Science Program](https://bren.ucsb.edu/masters-programs/master-environmental-data-science) (MEDS) at UC Santa Barbara's Bren School of Environmental Science and Management.
]
---

### Welcome to data science, where questions are aplenty!

<br>

<br>

]

.pull-right[
<img src="media/questions.gif" title="A gif of Seth Meyers sitting at the desk of his show, Late Night, and saying 'I have a lot of questions.'" alt="A gif of Seth Meyers sitting at the desk of his show, Late Night, and saying 'I have a lot of questions.'" width="120%" />
]
.pull-right[
.center[
<span style = 'font-size: 85%;'>-Me, everytime I open RStudio</span>
]
]

---
 ### It doesn't mean you won't still feel like this at times:
 
.center2[
<img src="media/ron_swanson.gif" title="A gif of Ron Swanson, from the comedy TV series, Parks and Recreation, getting angry at his computer then taking it outside to toss in a dumpster." alt="A gif of Ron Swanson, from the comedy TV series, Parks and Recreation, getting angry at his computer then taking it outside to toss in a dumpster." width="100%" height="100%" />
.center[
<span style = 'font-size: 85%;'>-Me still, about half the times I open RStudio</span>
]
]

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### But the goal is to be a bit more at peace with that feeling...and have the confidence that you can find your way

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.center2[
<img src="media/how_much_i_know.jpeg" title="A cartoon drawing of an x- and y-axis plot, where the x-axis represents 'time' and the y-axis represents 'how much I know about R'. A round cartoon creature is moving through time (i.e. to the right across the x-axis). At time point one, when this creature is first beginning to learn R, it knows very little and it's facial expression suggests that it feels very intimidated. Over time, it experiences some highs and some lows. At time point eight (which is the furthest point to the right along the x-axis) this creature again feels like it knows very little about R, but instead of seeming intimidated as it did at time point one, it appears to be excited, suggesting a new sense of confidence." alt="A cartoon drawing of an x- and y-axis plot, where the x-axis represents 'time' and the y-axis represents 'how much I know about R'. A round cartoon creature is moving through time (i.e. to the right across the x-axis). At time point one, when this creature is first beginning to learn R, it knows very little and it's facial expression suggests that it feels very intimidated. Over time, it experiences some highs and some lows. At time point eight (which is the furthest point to the right along the x-axis) this creature again feels like it knows very little about R, but instead of seeming intimidated as it did at time point one, it appears to be excited, suggesting a new sense of confidence." width="100%" />
.center[
<span style = 'font-size: 85%;'>Artwork by [@allison_horst](https://twitter.com/allison_horst?lang=en)
]
]

---

### I typically find myself turning to Google for one of two reasons:

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<span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Exclamation Triangle" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Exclamation Triangle</title><path d="M569.517 440.013C587.975 472.007 564.806 512 527.94 512H48.054c-36.937 0-59.999-40.055-41.577-71.987L246.423 23.985c18.467-32.009 64.72-31.951 83.154 0l239.94 416.028zM288 354c-25.405 0-46 20.595-46 46s20.595 46 46 46 46-20.595 46-46-20.595-46-46-46zm-43.673-165.346l7.418 136c.347 6.364 5.609 11.346 11.982 11.346h48.546c6.373 0 11.635-4.982 11.982-11.346l7.418-136c.375-6.874-5.098-12.654-11.982-12.654h-63.383c-6.884 0-12.356 5.78-11.981 12.654z"/></svg>  I got an error and need help fixing it</span>
  
  <br>
  
  <span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Question Circle" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Question Circle</title><path d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"/></svg> I know what I want my code to do, but I have no idea how to actually pull it off</span>
  
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--
  
  <span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Flushed Face" role="img" viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;width:0.97em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Flushed Face</title><path d="M344 200c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24s10.7 24 24 24 24-10.7 24-24-10.7-24-24-24zm-192 0c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24s10.7 24 24 24 24-10.7 24-24-10.7-24-24-24zM248 8C111 8 0 119 0 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S385 8 248 8zM80 224c0-39.8 32.2-72 72-72s72 32.2 72 72-32.2 72-72 72-72-32.2-72-72zm232 176H184c-21.2 0-21.2-32 0-32h128c21.2 0 21.2 32 0 32zm32-104c-39.8 0-72-32.2-72-72s32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72-32.2 72-72 72z"/></svg> Sometimes, it's both of these things happening at the same time</span>
  
---
class: inverse, middle, center

## <svg aria-label="Exclamation Triangle" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#93C6C2;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Exclamation Triangle</title><path d="M569.517 440.013C587.975 472.007 564.806 512 527.94 512H48.054c-36.937 0-59.999-40.055-41.577-71.987L246.423 23.985c18.467-32.009 64.72-31.951 83.154 0l239.94 416.028zM288 354c-25.405 0-46 20.595-46 46s20.595 46 46 46 46-20.595 46-46-20.595-46-46-46zm-43.673-165.346l7.418 136c.347 6.364 5.609 11.346 11.982 11.346h48.546c6.373 0 11.635-4.982 11.982-11.346l7.418-136c.375-6.874-5.098-12.654-11.982-12.654h-63.383c-6.884 0-12.356 5.78-11.981 12.654z"/></svg>  I got an error and need help fixing it

---

### Pause, exhale, narrow down your potential Google search

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<span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Power Off" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Power Off</title><path d="M400 54.1c63 45 104 118.6 104 201.9 0 136.8-110.8 247.7-247.5 248C120 504.3 8.2 393 8 256.4 7.9 173.1 48.9 99.3 111.8 54.2c11.7-8.3 28-4.8 35 7.7L162.6 90c5.9 10.5 3.1 23.8-6.6 31-41.5 30.8-68 79.6-68 134.9-.1 92.3 74.5 168.1 168 168.1 91.6 0 168.6-74.2 168-169.1-.3-51.8-24.7-101.8-68.1-134-9.7-7.2-12.4-20.5-6.5-30.9l15.8-28.1c7-12.4 23.2-16.1 34.8-7.8zM296 264V24c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24h-32c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24v240c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h32c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24z"/></svg>  Restart R (or your Jupyter kernel, SAS, SPSS, etc.) </span>

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<span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Lightbulb" role="img" viewBox="0 0 352 512" style="height:1em;width:0.69em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Lightbulb</title><path d="M96.06 454.35c.01 6.29 1.87 12.45 5.36 17.69l17.09 25.69a31.99 31.99 0 0 0 26.64 14.28h61.71a31.99 31.99 0 0 0 26.64-14.28l17.09-25.69a31.989 31.989 0 0 0 5.36-17.69l.04-38.35H96.01l.05 38.35zM0 176c0 44.37 16.45 84.85 43.56 115.78 16.52 18.85 42.36 58.23 52.21 91.45.04.26.07.52.11.78h160.24c.04-.26.07-.51.11-.78 9.85-33.22 35.69-72.6 52.21-91.45C335.55 260.85 352 220.37 352 176 352 78.61 272.91-.3 175.45 0 73.44.31 0 82.97 0 176zm176-80c-44.11 0-80 35.89-80 80 0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16s-16-7.16-16-16c0-61.76 50.24-112 112-112 8.84 0 16 7.16 16 16s-7.16 16-16 16z"/></svg>  Check the easy stuff</span>

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<span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Alternate File" role="img" viewBox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Alternate File</title><path d="M224 136V0H24C10.7 0 0 10.7 0 24v464c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h336c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V160H248c-13.2 0-24-10.8-24-24zm64 236c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H108c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-8c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h168c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v8zm0-64c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H108c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-8c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h168c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v8zm0-72v8c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H108c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-8c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h168c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12zm96-114.1v6.1H256V0h6.1c6.4 0 12.5 2.5 17 7l97.9 98c4.5 4.5 7 10.6 7 16.9z"/></svg>  Double-check the documentation</span>

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<span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Earlybirds" role="img" viewBox="0 0 480 512" style="height:1em;width:0.94em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Earlybirds</title><path d="M313.2 47.5c1.2-13 21.3-14 36.6-8.7.9.3 26.2 9.7 19 15.2-27.9-7.4-56.4 18.2-55.6-6.5zm-201 6.9c30.7-8.1 62 20 61.1-7.1-1.3-14.2-23.4-15.3-40.2-9.6-1 .3-28.7 10.5-20.9 16.7zM319.4 160c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16 16-7.2 16-16-7.2-16-16-16zm-159.7 0c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16 16-7.2 16-16-7.2-16-16-16zm318.5 163.2c-9.9 24-40.7 11-63.9-1.2-13.5 69.1-58.1 111.4-126.3 124.2.3.9-2-.1 24 1 33.6 1.4 63.8-3.1 97.4-8-19.8-13.8-11.4-37.1-9.8-38.1 1.4-.9 14.7 1.7 21.6 11.5 8.6-12.5 28.4-14.8 30.2-13.6 1.6 1.1 6.6 20.9-6.9 34.6 4.7-.9 8.2-1.6 9.8-2.1 2.6-.8 17.7 11.3 3.1 13.3-14.3 2.3-22.6 5.1-47.1 10.8-45.9 10.7-85.9 11.8-117.7 12.8l1 11.6c3.8 18.1-23.4 24.3-27.6 6.2.8 17.9-27.1 21.8-28.4-1l-.5 5.3c-.7 18.4-28.4 17.9-28.3-.6-7.5 13.5-28.1 6.8-26.4-8.5l1.2-12.4c-36.7.9-59.7 3.1-61.8 3.1-20.9 0-20.9-31.6 0-31.6 2.4 0 27.7 1.3 63.2 2.8-61.1-15.5-103.7-55-114.9-118.2-25 12.8-57.5 26.8-68.2.8-10.5-25.4 21.5-42.6 66.8-73.4.7-6.6 1.6-13.3 2.7-19.8-14.4-19.6-11.6-36.3-16.1-60.4-16.8 2.4-23.2-9.1-23.6-23.1.3-7.3 2.1-14.9 2.4-15.4 1.1-1.8 10.1-2 12.7-2.6 6-31.7 50.6-33.2 90.9-34.5 19.7-21.8 45.2-41.5 80.9-48.3C203.3 29 215.2 8.5 216.2 8c1.7-.8 21.2 4.3 26.3 23.2 5.2-8.8 18.3-11.4 19.6-10.7 1.1.6 6.4 15-4.9 25.9 40.3 3.5 72.2 24.7 96 50.7 36.1 1.5 71.8 5.9 77.1 34 2.7.6 11.6.8 12.7 2.6.3.5 2.1 8.1 2.4 15.4-.5 13.9-6.8 25.4-23.6 23.1-3.2 17.3-2.7 32.9-8.7 47.7 2.4 11.7 4 23.8 4.8 36.4 37 25.4 70.3 42.5 60.3 66.9zM207.4 159.9c.9-44-37.9-42.2-78.6-40.3-21.7 1-38.9 1.9-45.5 13.9-11.4 20.9 5.9 92.9 23.2 101.2 9.8 4.7 73.4 7.9 86.3-7.1 8.2-9.4 15-49.4 14.6-67.7zm52 58.3c-4.3-12.4-6-30.1-15.3-32.7-2-.5-9-.5-11 0-10 2.8-10.8 22.1-17 37.2 15.4 0 19.3 9.7 23.7 9.7 4.3 0 6.3-11.3 19.6-14.2zm135.7-84.7c-6.6-12.1-24.8-12.9-46.5-13.9-40.2-1.9-78.2-3.8-77.3 40.3-.5 18.3 5 58.3 13.2 67.8 13 14.9 76.6 11.8 86.3 7.1 15.8-7.6 36.5-78.9 24.3-101.3z"/></svg>  Talk about it out loud</span>

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### <span style = 'font-size: 100%;'><svg aria-label="Power Off" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Power Off</title><path d="M400 54.1c63 45 104 118.6 104 201.9 0 136.8-110.8 247.7-247.5 248C120 504.3 8.2 393 8 256.4 7.9 173.1 48.9 99.3 111.8 54.2c11.7-8.3 28-4.8 35 7.7L162.6 90c5.9 10.5 3.1 23.8-6.6 31-41.5 30.8-68 79.6-68 134.9-.1 92.3 74.5 168.1 168 168.1 91.6 0 168.6-74.2 168-169.1-.3-51.8-24.7-101.8-68.1-134-9.7-7.2-12.4-20.5-6.5-30.9l15.8-28.1c7-12.4 23.2-16.1 34.8-7.8zM296 264V24c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24h-32c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24v240c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h32c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24z"/></svg>  Restart R (or your Jupyter kernel, SAS, SPSS, etc.)</span>

.center[
>*"Restart R often, especially when things get weird...We install and update packages from R, which is a little bit like working on your airplane engine while you're flying."*

.right[
<span style = 'font-size: 60%;'>-Jenny Bryan, in her 2020 RSTUDIO::CONF keynote, [Object of type ‘closure’ is not subsettable](https://www.rstudio.com/resources/rstudioconf-2020/object-of-type-closure-is-not-subsettable/)</span>
]
]

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.center[
Similarly, going to sleep and trying again tomorrow is a legitimate (and often impactful) strategy -- think of it as restarting your own internal computer (i.e. your brain).
]

<blockquote class="twitter-tweet tw-align-center"><p lang="en" dir="ltr">I love waking up and jumping back into solving a bug and immediately solving it with a fresh mind. Sleep is my favorite coding tool.</p>&mdash; Kelly Vaughn (@kvlly) <a href="https://twitter.com/kvlly/status/1385573317277532162?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 23, 2021</a></blockquote> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>

???

Common reason why things get funky in a way that makes it difficult to debug and understand. The good thing is that you don't have to. Quit, restart!

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### <span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Lightbulb" role="img" viewBox="0 0 352 512" style="height:1em;width:0.69em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Lightbulb</title><path d="M96.06 454.35c.01 6.29 1.87 12.45 5.36 17.69l17.09 25.69a31.99 31.99 0 0 0 26.64 14.28h61.71a31.99 31.99 0 0 0 26.64-14.28l17.09-25.69a31.989 31.989 0 0 0 5.36-17.69l.04-38.35H96.01l.05 38.35zM0 176c0 44.37 16.45 84.85 43.56 115.78 16.52 18.85 42.36 58.23 52.21 91.45.04.26.07.52.11.78h160.24c.04-.26.07-.51.11-.78 9.85-33.22 35.69-72.6 52.21-91.45C335.55 260.85 352 220.37 352 176 352 78.61 272.91-.3 175.45 0 73.44.31 0 82.97 0 176zm176-80c-44.11 0-80 35.89-80 80 0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16s-16-7.16-16-16c0-61.76 50.24-112 112-112 8.84 0 16 7.16 16 16s-7.16 16-16 16z"/></svg>  Check the easy stuff</span>

<br>

.center[
<span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>Source: This [tweet](https://twitter.com/cogscimom/status/1354508785365078016?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw) by [@cogscimom](https://twitter.com/cogscimom).</span>
]

---

### <span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Exclamation Triangle" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Exclamation Triangle</title><path d="M569.517 440.013C587.975 472.007 564.806 512 527.94 512H48.054c-36.937 0-59.999-40.055-41.577-71.987L246.423 23.985c18.467-32.009 64.72-31.951 83.154 0l239.94 416.028zM288 354c-25.405 0-46 20.595-46 46s20.595 46 46 46 46-20.595 46-46-20.595-46-46-46zm-43.673-165.346l7.418 136c.347 6.364 5.609 11.346 11.982 11.346h48.546c6.373 0 11.635-4.982 11.982-11.346l7.418-136c.375-6.874-5.098-12.654-11.982-12.654h-63.383c-6.884 0-12.356 5.78-11.981 12.654z"/></svg>  Read that error message!</span>

**Helpful:**

```r
library(tidyverse)
library(palmerpenguins)

# take a look at the data
head(penguins, 3)
```

```
## # A tibble: 3 × 8
##   species island bill_length_mm bill_depth_mm flipper_length_… body_mass_g sex  
##   <fct>   <fct>           <dbl>         <dbl>            <int>       <int> <fct>
## 1 Adelie  Torge…           39.1          18.7              181        3750 male 
## 2 Adelie  Torge…           39.5          17.4              186        3800 fema…
## 3 Adelie  Torge…           40.3          18                195        3250 fema…
## # … with 1 more variable: year <int>
```

```r
# what species are in this dataset?
unique(penguins$species)
```

```
## [1] Adelie    Gentoo    Chinstrap
## Levels: Adelie Chinstrap Gentoo
```

```r
# filter for just "Gentoo" penguins
gentoo <- penguins %>% 
  filter(species = "Gentoo")
```

```
## Error: Problem with `filter()` input `..1`.
## x Input `..1` is named.
## ℹ This usually means that you've used `=` instead of `==`.
## ℹ Did you mean `species == "Gentoo"`?
```

???

Revisit A.Horst's lab materials from EDS 221: https://allisonhorst.github.io/EDS_221_programming-essentials/interactive_sessions/day_9_interactive.html#2_Basics_-_troubleshooting_practice__tips

---

**Somewhat less helpful:**

```r
# create data object, 'dat'
dat <- data.frame(x = 1, y = 2)
dat
```

```
##   x y
## 1 1 2
```

.footnote[
<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>Example from Jenny Bryan's 2020 RSTUDIO::CONF keynote, [Object of type ‘closure’ is not subsettable](https://www.rstudio.com/resources/rstudioconf-2020/object-of-type-closure-is-not-subsettable/).
]

```r
# extract column 'x' from your data object
df$x
```

```
## Error in df$x: object of type 'closure' is not subsettable
```

<span style = 'font-size: 65%;'>If you feel incredibly frustrated by this error, well, welcome to the club! Jenny Bryan writes:</span>

> <span style = 'font-size: 65%;'>*Your first “object of type ‘closure’ is not subsettable” error message is a big milestone for an R user. Congratulations, if there was any lingering doubt, you now know that you are officially programming!*</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 65%;'>This error often arises when you attempt to subset a function (i.e. treat a function in a way that it is shouldn't be). Here, we forgot that we called called our object `dat`, and not `df`. `df()` also happens to be a function that gives you the density of the 'F' distribution and we are attempting to subset a column (`x`) from it.</span>

???

Revisit A.Horst's lab materials from EDS 221: https://allisonhorst.github.io/EDS_221_programming-essentials/interactive_sessions/day_9_interactive.html#2_Basics_-_troubleshooting_practice__tips

---
### <span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Exclamation Triangle" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Exclamation Triangle</title><path d="M569.517 440.013C587.975 472.007 564.806 512 527.94 512H48.054c-36.937 0-59.999-40.055-41.577-71.987L246.423 23.985c18.467-32.009 64.72-31.951 83.154 0l239.94 416.028zM288 354c-25.405 0-46 20.595-46 46s20.595 46 46 46 46-20.595 46-46-20.595-46-46-46zm-43.673-165.346l7.418 136c.347 6.364 5.609 11.346 11.982 11.346h48.546c6.373 0 11.635-4.982 11.982-11.346l7.418-136c.375-6.874-5.098-12.654-11.982-12.654h-63.383c-6.884 0-12.356 5.78-11.981 12.654z"/></svg>  Read that error message!</span>

Check out some of these additional resources for common error messages and strategies for fixing them:

**R:**

* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>[Common R Error Messages](https://www.programmingr.com/r-error-messages/), on [ProgrammingR](https://www.programmingr.com/)</span>
    
  * <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>[Common R Programming Errors Faced by Beginners](https://www.r-bloggers.com/2016/06/common-r-programming-errors-faced-by-beginners/), on [R-bloggers](https://www.r-bloggers.com/)</span>
    
  * <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>[R Error Message Cheat Sheet](http://varianceexplained.org/courses/errors/), by David Robinson on his blog, [Variance Explained](http://varianceexplained.org/)</span>
    
  * <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>[How to: Interpret Common Errors in R](https://warin.ca/posts/rcourse-howto-interpretcommonerrors/), by [Thierry Warin](https://warin.ca/)</span>
  
**Python:**

* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>[Common error messages (and how to fix them)](https://github.com/JonathanReeve/course-computational-literary-analysis/blob/master/Resources/errors.md), by [Jonathan Reeve](https://github.com/JonathanReeve) as part of the [Introduction to Computational Literary Analysis](Introduction to Computational Literary Analysis) course at UC Berkeley</span>

**SAS:**

* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>[Common Error Messages in SAS](https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/sas/modules/common-error-messages-in-sas/), by [UCLA's Advanced Research Computing Group](https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/)</span>

* <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>[Diagnosing and Avoiding Errors](https://documentation.sas.com/doc/en/pgmsascdc/9.4_3.5/basess/n0qrfzc32pn7n6n1usggo9hw8jup.htm), from the [SAS Programming Documentation](https://documentation.sas.com/doc/en/pgmsascdc/9.4_3.5/pgmsaswlcm/home.htm)</span>

---
### <span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Alternate File" role="img" viewBox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Alternate File</title><path d="M224 136V0H24C10.7 0 0 10.7 0 24v464c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h336c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V160H248c-13.2 0-24-10.8-24-24zm64 236c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H108c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-8c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h168c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v8zm0-64c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H108c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-8c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h168c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v8zm0-72v8c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H108c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-8c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h168c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12zm96-114.1v6.1H256V0h6.1c6.4 0 12.5 2.5 17 7l97.9 98c4.5 4.5 7 10.6 7 16.9z"/></svg>  Double-check the documentation</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 70%;'>While documentation can sometimes be tricky to read, it provides critical info for understanding how to use a package or function.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 70%;'>Access the documentation for any package or function that you have loaded into R by either typing `?function_name` or `help(function_name)` in your console. If you search for a function from a package that is not currently loaded, R will prompt you to type `??function_name`.</span>

.footnote[
<span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>*Similar to R,* `help()` *can be used in your Python console to return information on Python objects.*</span>
]

<span style = 'font-size: 70%;'>Some important components:</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 65%;'><svg aria-label="angle-right" role="img" viewBox="0 0 256 512" style="height:1em;width:0.5em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>angle-right</title><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg> **Usage:** shows the various arguments to need to specify. Some are necessary, some are optional. Default values are shown here.</span>
  
  <span style = 'font-size: 65%;'><svg aria-label="angle-right" role="img" viewBox="0 0 256 512" style="height:1em;width:0.5em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>angle-right</title><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg> **Arguments:** briefly describes what each argument is/takes as a value</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 70%;'>Some R packages will also have **vignettes**, which provide more detailed descriptions of how functions within a package should be used. Googling `package_name vignette` will usually get you there (e.g. check out the [dplyr vignette](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dplyr/vignettes/dplyr.html)).</span>
    
---

### <span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Earlybirds" role="img" viewBox="0 0 480 512" style="height:1em;width:0.94em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Earlybirds</title><path d="M313.2 47.5c1.2-13 21.3-14 36.6-8.7.9.3 26.2 9.7 19 15.2-27.9-7.4-56.4 18.2-55.6-6.5zm-201 6.9c30.7-8.1 62 20 61.1-7.1-1.3-14.2-23.4-15.3-40.2-9.6-1 .3-28.7 10.5-20.9 16.7zM319.4 160c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16 16-7.2 16-16-7.2-16-16-16zm-159.7 0c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16 16-7.2 16-16-7.2-16-16-16zm318.5 163.2c-9.9 24-40.7 11-63.9-1.2-13.5 69.1-58.1 111.4-126.3 124.2.3.9-2-.1 24 1 33.6 1.4 63.8-3.1 97.4-8-19.8-13.8-11.4-37.1-9.8-38.1 1.4-.9 14.7 1.7 21.6 11.5 8.6-12.5 28.4-14.8 30.2-13.6 1.6 1.1 6.6 20.9-6.9 34.6 4.7-.9 8.2-1.6 9.8-2.1 2.6-.8 17.7 11.3 3.1 13.3-14.3 2.3-22.6 5.1-47.1 10.8-45.9 10.7-85.9 11.8-117.7 12.8l1 11.6c3.8 18.1-23.4 24.3-27.6 6.2.8 17.9-27.1 21.8-28.4-1l-.5 5.3c-.7 18.4-28.4 17.9-28.3-.6-7.5 13.5-28.1 6.8-26.4-8.5l1.2-12.4c-36.7.9-59.7 3.1-61.8 3.1-20.9 0-20.9-31.6 0-31.6 2.4 0 27.7 1.3 63.2 2.8-61.1-15.5-103.7-55-114.9-118.2-25 12.8-57.5 26.8-68.2.8-10.5-25.4 21.5-42.6 66.8-73.4.7-6.6 1.6-13.3 2.7-19.8-14.4-19.6-11.6-36.3-16.1-60.4-16.8 2.4-23.2-9.1-23.6-23.1.3-7.3 2.1-14.9 2.4-15.4 1.1-1.8 10.1-2 12.7-2.6 6-31.7 50.6-33.2 90.9-34.5 19.7-21.8 45.2-41.5 80.9-48.3C203.3 29 215.2 8.5 216.2 8c1.7-.8 21.2 4.3 26.3 23.2 5.2-8.8 18.3-11.4 19.6-10.7 1.1.6 6.4 15-4.9 25.9 40.3 3.5 72.2 24.7 96 50.7 36.1 1.5 71.8 5.9 77.1 34 2.7.6 11.6.8 12.7 2.6.3.5 2.1 8.1 2.4 15.4-.5 13.9-6.8 25.4-23.6 23.1-3.2 17.3-2.7 32.9-8.7 47.7 2.4 11.7 4 23.8 4.8 36.4 37 25.4 70.3 42.5 60.3 66.9zM207.4 159.9c.9-44-37.9-42.2-78.6-40.3-21.7 1-38.9 1.9-45.5 13.9-11.4 20.9 5.9 92.9 23.2 101.2 9.8 4.7 73.4 7.9 86.3-7.1 8.2-9.4 15-49.4 14.6-67.7zm52 58.3c-4.3-12.4-6-30.1-15.3-32.7-2-.5-9-.5-11 0-10 2.8-10.8 22.1-17 37.2 15.4 0 19.3 9.7 23.7 9.7 4.3 0 6.3-11.3 19.6-14.2zm135.7-84.7c-6.6-12.1-24.8-12.9-46.5-13.9-40.2-1.9-78.2-3.8-77.3 40.3-.5 18.3 5 58.3 13.2 67.8 13 14.9 76.6 11.8 86.3 7.1 15.8-7.6 36.5-78.9 24.3-101.3z"/></svg>  Talk about it *out loud*</span>

> <span style = 'font-size: 55%;'>*1. Beg, borrow, steal, buy, fabricate or otherwise obtain a rubber duck (bathtub variety).*</span>

> <span style = 'font-size: 55%;'>*2. Place rubber duck on desk and inform it you are just going to go over some code with it, if that’s all right.*</span>

> <span style = 'font-size: 55%;'>*3. Explain to the duck what your code is supposed to do, and then go into detail and explain your code **line by line**.*</span>

> <span style = 'font-size: 55%;'>*4. At some point you will tell the duck what you are doing next and then realise that that is not in fact what you are actually doing. The duck will sit there serenely, happy in the knowledge that it has helped you on your way.*</span> 
.right[
<span style = 'font-size: 50%;'>- [rubberduckdebugging.com](https://rubberduckdebugging.com/) with original credit to Andy from lists.ethernal.org</span>
]
]

.pull-right[
<img src="media/duck.jpeg" width="100%" />
.center[
<span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>Source: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_duck_debugging)</span>
]
]

???

I'll also note that I tend to combine this 'rubber ducky debugging' method with actually running my code line-by-line.

---
### Still haven't figured it out? Enter Google.

<span style = 'font-size: 100%;'><svg aria-label="Google Logo" role="img" viewBox="0 0 488 512" style="height:1em;width:0.95em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Google Logo</title><path d="M488 261.8C488 403.3 391.1 504 248 504 110.8 504 0 393.2 0 256S110.8 8 248 8c66.8 0 123 24.5 166.3 64.9l-67.5 64.9C258.5 52.6 94.3 116.6 94.3 256c0 86.5 69.1 156.6 153.7 156.6 98.2 0 135-70.4 140.8-106.9H248v-85.3h236.1c2.3 12.7 3.9 24.9 3.9 41.4z"/></svg>  General Googling tips:</span>

- <span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>[language/software] + error message</span>
  - <span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>error message + function or package name</span>
  - <span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>sometimes even just the error message alone with suffice</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 100%;'><svg aria-label="GitHub Square" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>GitHub Square</title><path d="M400 32H48C21.5 32 0 53.5 0 80v352c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h352c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V80c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48zM277.3 415.7c-8.4 1.5-11.5-3.7-11.5-8 0-5.4.2-33 .2-55.3 0-15.6-5.2-25.5-11.3-30.7 37-4.1 76-9.2 76-73.1 0-18.2-6.5-27.3-17.1-39 1.7-4.3 7.4-22-1.7-45-13.9-4.3-45.7 17.9-45.7 17.9-13.2-3.7-27.5-5.6-41.6-5.6-14.1 0-28.4 1.9-41.6 5.6 0 0-31.8-22.2-45.7-17.9-9.1 22.9-3.5 40.6-1.7 45-10.6 11.7-15.6 20.8-15.6 39 0 63.6 37.3 69 74.3 73.1-4.8 4.3-9.1 11.7-10.6 22.3-9.5 4.3-33.8 11.7-48.3-13.9-9.1-15.8-25.5-17.1-25.5-17.1-16.2-.2-1.1 10.2-1.1 10.2 10.8 5 18.4 24.2 18.4 24.2 9.7 29.7 56.1 19.7 56.1 19.7 0 13.9.2 36.5.2 40.6 0 4.3-3 9.5-11.5 8-66-22.1-112.2-84.9-112.2-158.3 0-91.8 70.2-161.5 162-161.5S388 165.6 388 257.4c.1 73.4-44.7 136.3-110.7 158.3zm-98.1-61.1c-1.9.4-3.7-.4-3.9-1.7-.2-1.5 1.1-2.8 3-3.2 1.9-.2 3.7.6 3.9 1.9.3 1.3-1 2.6-3 3zm-9.5-.9c0 1.3-1.5 2.4-3.5 2.4-2.2.2-3.7-.9-3.7-2.4 0-1.3 1.5-2.4 3.5-2.4 1.9-.2 3.7.9 3.7 2.4zm-13.7-1.1c-.4 1.3-2.4 1.9-4.1 1.3-1.9-.4-3.2-1.9-2.8-3.2.4-1.3 2.4-1.9 4.1-1.5 2 .6 3.3 2.1 2.8 3.4zm-12.3-5.4c-.9 1.1-2.8.9-4.3-.6-1.5-1.3-1.9-3.2-.9-4.1.9-1.1 2.8-.9 4.3.6 1.3 1.3 1.8 3.3.9 4.1zm-9.1-9.1c-.9.6-2.6 0-3.7-1.5s-1.1-3.2 0-3.9c1.1-.9 2.8-.2 3.7 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.1 3.3 0 4.1zm-6.5-9.7c-.9.9-2.4.4-3.5-.6-1.1-1.3-1.3-2.8-.4-3.5.9-.9 2.4-.4 3.5.6 1.1 1.3 1.3 2.8.4 3.5zm-6.7-7.4c-.4.9-1.7 1.1-2.8.4-1.3-.6-1.9-1.7-1.5-2.6.4-.6 1.5-.9 2.8-.4 1.3.7 1.9 1.8 1.5 2.6z"/></svg>  Explore package source code on GitHub</span>
 
  - <span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>this may include looking at any issues or pull requests associated with that package to check if there are known problems (e.g. check out `xaringan` on [GitHub](https://github.com/yihui/xaringan))</span>
  - <span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>check to see if there are wikis available for a particular repository (e.g. I was able to figure out how to wrap code output on `xaringan` slides thanks to one of their [wikis](https://github.com/yihui/xaringan/wiki/Word-wrapping-of-code-output))</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 100%;'><svg aria-label="Calendar" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Calendar</title><path d="M12 192h424c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v260c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V204c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12zm436-44v-36c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48h-48V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H160V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v36c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12h424c6.6 0 12-5.4 12-12z"/></svg>  Check the date of online solutions</span>

- <span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>past solutions can become outdated quickly -- target recent posts and responses</span>
  
--

<span style = 'font-size: 100%;'><svg aria-label="plus" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>plus</title><path d="M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z"/></svg>  Read multiple search results</span>

- <span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>sometimes one explanation will make sense in a way that another explanation will not</span>
  
--

<span style = 'font-size: 100%;'><svg aria-label="User Secret" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>User Secret</title><path d="M383.9 308.3l23.9-62.6c4-10.5-3.7-21.7-15-21.7h-58.5c11-18.9 17.8-40.6 17.8-64v-.3c39.2-7.8 64-19.1 64-31.7 0-13.3-27.3-25.1-70.1-33-9.2-32.8-27-65.8-40.6-82.8-9.5-11.9-25.9-15.6-39.5-8.8l-27.6 13.8c-9 4.5-19.6 4.5-28.6 0L182.1 3.4c-13.6-6.8-30-3.1-39.5 8.8-13.5 17-31.4 50-40.6 82.8-42.7 7.9-70 19.7-70 33 0 12.6 24.8 23.9 64 31.7v.3c0 23.4 6.8 45.1 17.8 64H56.3c-11.5 0-19.2 11.7-14.7 22.3l25.8 60.2C27.3 329.8 0 372.7 0 422.4v44.8C0 491.9 20.1 512 44.8 512h358.4c24.7 0 44.8-20.1 44.8-44.8v-44.8c0-48.4-25.8-90.4-64.1-114.1zM176 480l-41.6-192 49.6 32 24 40-32 120zm96 0l-32-120 24-40 49.6-32L272 480zm41.7-298.5c-3.9 11.9-7 24.6-16.5 33.4-10.1 9.3-48 22.4-64-25-2.8-8.4-15.4-8.4-18.3 0-17 50.2-56 32.4-64 25-9.5-8.8-12.7-21.5-16.5-33.4-.8-2.5-6.3-5.7-6.3-5.8v-10.8c28.3 3.6 61 5.8 96 5.8s67.7-2.1 96-5.8v10.8c-.1.1-5.6 3.2-6.4 5.8z"/></svg>  Isolate the relevant part(s) of an answer</span>

- <span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>not every part of an online response will be relevant to *your* problem -- take care when copying/pasting entire "solutions"</span>
  
???

James Frew posted in the eds-223 channel on Monday, October 4, 2021:

- Reminder: anytime you get an unusually cryptic error message, it doesn't hurt to just cut-n-paste a reasonably-specific chunk of the message into Google.

- For example, one of you contacted me about an error message whose last line was: `function 'Rcpp_precious_remove' not provided by package 'Rcpp'`

- That looked reasonably-specific (i.e., likely to retrieve something useful, and unlikely to retrieve cat memes), so I Googled it: https://www.google.com/search?q=function+%27Rcpp_precious_remove%27+not+provided+by+package+%27Rcpp%27

- First hit was: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68416435/rcpp-package-doesnt-include-rcpp-precious-remove which solved the problem.

---
## <svg aria-label="Stack Overflow" role="img" viewBox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Stack Overflow</title><path d="M290.7 311L95 269.7 86.8 309l195.7 41zm51-87L188.2 95.7l-25.5 30.8 153.5 128.3zm-31.2 39.7L129.2 179l-16.7 36.5L293.7 300zM262 32l-32 24 119.3 160.3 32-24zm20.5 328h-200v39.7h200zm39.7 80H42.7V320h-40v160h359.5V320h-40z"/></svg> Refine your search on Stack Overflow

<span style = 'font-size: 90%;'>You're probably going to end up on Stack Overflow *often*. Increase your chances of finding a helpful answer by visiting their [How do I search?](https://stackoverflow.com/help/searching) page, which details all search operators.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 90%;'>You will also find a handy "cheat sheet" that suggests some of the more common search operators when you click into the search bar:</span>

<br>

---

## Still stumped? Ask the community!

<span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>Create a `reprex` i.e. a **minimal reproducible example**. Strip away the cruft and present only what is required to reproduce your issue. Most of the time, this will help *you* solve your own problem. And if you still can't figure it out, you've helped the community help you.</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>Check out [FAQ: How to do a minimal reproducible example (reprex) for beginners](https://community.rstudio.com/t/faq-how-to-do-a-minimal-reproducible-example-reprex-for-beginners/23061) and [Reprex do's and don'ts](https://reprex.tidyverse.org/articles/reprex-dos-and-donts.html) to get started on creating your first `reprex`.</span>

.center[
<img src="media/reprex.jpeg" width="65%" />
.center[
<span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>Artwork by [@allison_horst](https://twitter.com/allison_horst?lang=en)</span>
]
]

---
class: inverse, middle, center

## <svg aria-label="Question Circle" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#93C6C2;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Question Circle</title><path d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"/></svg> I know what I want my code to do, but I have no idea how to actually pull it off

---
## Knowing *what* to search for is half the battle

.pull-left[
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p lang="en" dir="ltr">The early hard part is just knowing the vocabulary. True beginners would have no reason to know what a join is. They might describe it as “looking up values from another table” which may not produce helpful results. So reading through a text book or intro class can give vocab</p>&mdash; JD Long (@CMastication) <a href="https://twitter.com/CMastication/status/1437827181476995072?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 14, 2021</a></blockquote> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
]

.pull-right[
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p lang="en" dir="ltr">Maybe we need to just tell learners “read the book for both the concepts AND the vocabulary to ask questions” because I bet they don’t realize this at all.</p>&mdash; JD Long (@CMastication) <a href="https://twitter.com/CMastication/status/1437833818518528003?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 14, 2021</a></blockquote> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
]

---
## A curated **vocabulary list** of language-specific terminology may help

- I would love to expand on this, with a focus on data wrangling and visualization. Ping me with ideas!
  
  - In the meantime, keeping a running vocab list for yourself might be massively helpful

- [R Functions List (+ Examples) | All Basic Commands of the R Programming Language](https://statisticsglobe.com/r-functions-list/), by Statistics Globe
  
---

## Use **search operators** to get more specific results

.center[
<span style = 'font-size: 65%;'>Source: ‘Infographic: Get More Out Of Google.’ HackCollege. HackCollege, 23 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 July 2015.</span>
]

**For example, compare the following two Google queries:**

**1.** <span style = 'font-family: "Fira Mono";'>r dplyr join</span>: [see results here](https://www.google.com/search?q=r+dplyr+join&oq=R+dplyr+join&aqs=chrome.0.0i512l6j69i60.2431j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8)
  
  **2.** <span style = 'font-family: "Fira Mono";'>site:stackoverflow.com R "dplyr join"</span>: [see results here](https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Astackoverflow.com+R+%22dplyr+join%22&oq=site%3Astackoverflow.com+R+%22dplyr+join%22&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i58.71866j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8)

---

### It's also okay just to **copy code**

.pull-left[
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p lang="en" dir="ltr">Jokes are only the beginning.<br><br>The Key is available now, and your programming will never be the same.<a href="https://t.co/KAjJ1DKenf">https://t.co/KAjJ1DKenf</a> <a href="https://t.co/gDiYvBPSqp">https://t.co/gDiYvBPSqp</a> <a href="https://t.co/bhrBJN8N1Y">pic.twitter.com/bhrBJN8N1Y</a></p>&mdash; Cassidy (@cassidoo) <a href="https://twitter.com/cassidoo/status/1442936000578154498?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 28, 2021</a></blockquote> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
]

.pull-right[
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p lang="en" dir="ltr">It started as an April Fools prank, but the joke is officially over. The Key is now available for purchase worldwide from <a href="https://twitter.com/drop?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@drop</a> with proceeds going to <a href="https://twitter.com/digundiv?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@digundiv</a>. Check it out: <a href="https://t.co/rLQVdVn4ms">https://t.co/rLQVdVn4ms</a> <a href="https://t.co/rsO63pNd1B">pic.twitter.com/rsO63pNd1B</a></p>&mdash; Stack Overflow (@StackOverflow) <a href="https://twitter.com/StackOverflow/status/1442898486685364224?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 28, 2021</a></blockquote> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
]

???

Once you find a search result, it’s ok in the beginning to copy and paste without fully understanding what the code does. Over time, as you get better at coding, the code that other people post will make more sense.

---

## <svg aria-label="Bug" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#93C6C2;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Bug</title><path d="M511.988 288.9c-.478 17.43-15.217 31.1-32.653 31.1H424v16c0 21.864-4.882 42.584-13.6 61.145l60.228 60.228c12.496 12.497 12.496 32.758 0 45.255-12.498 12.497-32.759 12.496-45.256 0l-54.736-54.736C345.886 467.965 314.351 480 280 480V236c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12h-24c-6.627 0-12 5.373-12 12v244c-34.351 0-65.886-12.035-90.636-32.108l-54.736 54.736c-12.498 12.497-32.759 12.496-45.256 0-12.496-12.497-12.496-32.758 0-45.255l60.228-60.228C92.882 378.584 88 357.864 88 336v-16H32.666C15.23 320 .491 306.33.013 288.9-.484 270.816 14.028 256 32 256h56v-58.745l-46.628-46.628c-12.496-12.497-12.496-32.758 0-45.255 12.498-12.497 32.758-12.497 45.256 0L141.255 160h229.489l54.627-54.627c12.498-12.497 32.758-12.497 45.256 0 12.496 12.497 12.496 32.758 0 45.255L424 197.255V256h56c17.972 0 32.484 14.816 31.988 32.9zM257 0c-61.856 0-112 50.144-112 112h224C369 50.144 318.856 0 257 0z"/></svg> Take proactive measures to make *your* code easier to debug

---

## Help future you *and* others by writing thoughtful code
--

<br>

<span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Code" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Code</title><path d="M278.9 511.5l-61-17.7c-6.4-1.8-10-8.5-8.2-14.9L346.2 8.7c1.8-6.4 8.5-10 14.9-8.2l61 17.7c6.4 1.8 10 8.5 8.2 14.9L293.8 503.3c-1.9 6.4-8.5 10.1-14.9 8.2zm-114-112.2l43.5-46.4c4.6-4.9 4.3-12.7-.8-17.2L117 256l90.6-79.7c5.1-4.5 5.5-12.3.8-17.2l-43.5-46.4c-4.5-4.8-12.1-5.1-17-.5L3.8 247.2c-5.1 4.7-5.1 12.8 0 17.5l144.1 135.1c4.9 4.6 12.5 4.4 17-.5zm327.2.6l144.1-135.1c5.1-4.7 5.1-12.8 0-17.5L492.1 112.1c-4.8-4.5-12.4-4.3-17 .5L431.6 159c-4.6 4.9-4.3 12.7.8 17.2L523 256l-90.6 79.7c-5.1 4.5-5.5 12.3-.8 17.2l43.5 46.4c4.5 4.9 12.1 5.1 17 .6z"/></svg>  Plan your approach by writing pseudocode</span>

<br>

<span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Brain" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Brain</title><path d="M208 0c-29.9 0-54.7 20.5-61.8 48.2-.8 0-1.4-.2-2.2-.2-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64 0 4.8.6 9.5 1.7 14C52.5 138 32 166.6 32 200c0 12.6 3.2 24.3 8.3 34.9C16.3 248.7 0 274.3 0 304c0 33.3 20.4 61.9 49.4 73.9-.9 4.6-1.4 9.3-1.4 14.1 0 39.8 32.2 72 72 72 4.1 0 8.1-.5 12-1.2 9.6 28.5 36.2 49.2 68 49.2 39.8 0 72-32.2 72-72V64c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64zm368 304c0-29.7-16.3-55.3-40.3-69.1 5.2-10.6 8.3-22.3 8.3-34.9 0-33.4-20.5-62-49.7-74 1-4.5 1.7-9.2 1.7-14 0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64-.8 0-1.5.2-2.2.2C422.7 20.5 397.9 0 368 0c-35.3 0-64 28.6-64 64v376c0 39.8 32.2 72 72 72 31.8 0 58.4-20.7 68-49.2 3.9.7 7.9 1.2 12 1.2 39.8 0 72-32.2 72-72 0-4.8-.5-9.5-1.4-14.1 29-12 49.4-40.6 49.4-73.9z"/></svg>  Use explaining variables</span>

<br>

<span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Check" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Check</title><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg>  Build in checks</span>

---

### <span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Code" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Code</title><path d="M278.9 511.5l-61-17.7c-6.4-1.8-10-8.5-8.2-14.9L346.2 8.7c1.8-6.4 8.5-10 14.9-8.2l61 17.7c6.4 1.8 10 8.5 8.2 14.9L293.8 503.3c-1.9 6.4-8.5 10.1-14.9 8.2zm-114-112.2l43.5-46.4c4.6-4.9 4.3-12.7-.8-17.2L117 256l90.6-79.7c5.1-4.5 5.5-12.3.8-17.2l-43.5-46.4c-4.5-4.8-12.1-5.1-17-.5L3.8 247.2c-5.1 4.7-5.1 12.8 0 17.5l144.1 135.1c4.9 4.6 12.5 4.4 17-.5zm327.2.6l144.1-135.1c5.1-4.7 5.1-12.8 0-17.5L492.1 112.1c-4.8-4.5-12.4-4.3-17 .5L431.6 159c-4.6 4.9-4.3 12.7.8 17.2L523 256l-90.6 79.7c-5.1 4.5-5.5 12.3-.8 17.2l43.5 46.4c4.5 4.9 12.1 5.1 17 .6z"/></svg>  Plan your approach by writing pseudocode</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 90%;'>[Pseudocode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocode) is a step-by-step written "outline" of your code that you can then transcribe into a programming language (the example below is pseudocode translated to R). It is written in plain language (e.g. English), but uses the structural conventions of a programming language.</span>

```r
##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
##                                  pseudocode                              ----
##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

new_df <- original_data %>% 
  filter for gentoo penguins %>% 
  calculate bill length to depth ratio and add as new column

##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
##                                 actual code                              ----
##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

penguins_new <- penguins %>% 
  filter(species == "Gentoo") %>% 
  mutate(bill_LD_ratio = bill_length_mm/bill_depth_mm) 
```

???

While pseudocode is often used for planning out more complex algorithms, practicing with simpler examples may help you to avoid making mistakes -- pseudocode forces you acknowledge what each line of your script is meant to do, before you even write any code.

---

### <span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Brain" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Brain</title><path d="M208 0c-29.9 0-54.7 20.5-61.8 48.2-.8 0-1.4-.2-2.2-.2-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64 0 4.8.6 9.5 1.7 14C52.5 138 32 166.6 32 200c0 12.6 3.2 24.3 8.3 34.9C16.3 248.7 0 274.3 0 304c0 33.3 20.4 61.9 49.4 73.9-.9 4.6-1.4 9.3-1.4 14.1 0 39.8 32.2 72 72 72 4.1 0 8.1-.5 12-1.2 9.6 28.5 36.2 49.2 68 49.2 39.8 0 72-32.2 72-72V64c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64zm368 304c0-29.7-16.3-55.3-40.3-69.1 5.2-10.6 8.3-22.3 8.3-34.9 0-33.4-20.5-62-49.7-74 1-4.5 1.7-9.2 1.7-14 0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64-.8 0-1.5.2-2.2.2C422.7 20.5 397.9 0 368 0c-35.3 0-64 28.6-64 64v376c0 39.8 32.2 72 72 72 31.8 0 58.4-20.7 68-49.2 3.9.7 7.9 1.2 12 1.2 39.8 0 72-32.2 72-72 0-4.8-.5-9.5-1.4-14.1 29-12 49.4-40.6 49.4-73.9z"/></svg>  Use explaining variables</span>

Code comments are great, but variable and function names that explain what they are/do are even better.

.center[
> <span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>Because with code comments we end up with two parallel sources of truth - what the code is doing, and what the comment says. Over time these two sources of truth have a tendency to diverge.</span>

.right[
<span style = 'font-size: 60%;'>- Pete Hodgson, in his post, [Explaining Variable](https://blog.thepete.net/blog/2021/06/24/explaining-variable/)</span>
]
]

<blockquote class="twitter-tweet tw-align-center"><p lang="en" dir="ltr">A common suggestion I give during code review is to add an Explaining Variable. I couldn&#39;t find a good explanation of the pattern to link to, so I wrote one 🙃<a href="https://t.co/WRigu74gpu">https://t.co/WRigu74gpu</a></p>&mdash; Pete Hodgson (@ph1) <a href="https://twitter.com/ph1/status/1412125686974717971?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 5, 2021</a></blockquote> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>

---

### <span style = 'font-size: 120%;'><svg aria-label="Check" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Check</title><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg>  Build in checks</span>

<span style = 'font-size: 70%;'>The function below (written in R) converts a temperature between Celsius and Fahrenheit, and vice versa. It takes three arguments:</span>

- <span style = 'font-size: 70%;'>`from`: a string, either "fahrenheit" or "celsius"</span> 
  - <span style = 'font-size: 70%;'>`to`: a string, either "fahrenheit" or "celsius"</span>
  - <span style = 'font-size: 70%;'>`temp`: a double, the temperature value to convert</span>
  
<span style = 'font-size: 70%;'>It is important to note that with the way this function is currently written, the `from` and `to` arguments only take the string values, "fahrenheit" or "celsius." What happens if the user accidentally misspells those values? We can make that easier to troubleshoot by building in an informative error message.</span>

```r
convert_temp <- function(from, to, temp) {
  
  # if `from` is "celsius" and `to` is "fahrenheit"
  if(from == "celsius" & to == "fahrenheit") {
    converted_temp <- temp*1.8 + 32
    
    # if `from` is "fahrenheit" and `to` is "celsius"
    } else if(from == "fahrenheit" & to == "celsius") {
    converted_temp <- (temp - 32)/1.8
   
    # if inputs that don't match either of the first two conditionals are supplied, give warning and return NA 
* } else {
*     stop("The inputs provided (from = '", from, "' & to = '", to,"') are not as expected. Double check spelling.")
*     return(NA)
*   }
  
  # return the converted value
  return(converted_temp)
}
```

---

<span style = 'font-size: 90%;'>Let's convert 90°F to °C:</span>

```r
# try it out
convert_temp(from = "farenheit", to = "celsius", temp = 90)
```

```
## Error in convert_temp(from = "farenheit", to = "celsius", temp = 90): The inputs provided (from = 'farenheit' & to = 'celsius') are not as expected. Double check spelling.
```

<span style = 'font-size: 90%;'>Bummer, our code broke. But informative error message to the rescue! Seems like we may have a spelling error for the input values provided to either the `from` and/or `to` arguments. Let's fix and try again:</span>

```r
# oops, misspelled "fahrenheit" - try again
convert_temp(from = "fahrenheit", to = "celsius", temp = 90)
```

```
## [1] 32.22222
```

---
### Google is now forever a part of your coding life...

.center[
<span style = 'font-size: 80%;'>...but with practice, you'll find better solutions faster. Keep at it!</span>
]

.center[
<img src="media/rake.png" title="A meme with two stacked panels. The top panel depicts a stick figure taking one step forward only to step directly on a rake, which flips up to smack the stick figure in the face. The bottom panel depics a man 'skateboarding' down a set of outdoor stairs on a rake, performing tricks along the way. When he reaches the bottom of the stairs, he accidentally steps on the rake, which flips up to smack him in the face." alt="A meme with two stacked panels. The top panel depicts a stick figure taking one step forward only to step directly on a rake, which flips up to smack the stick figure in the face. The bottom panel depics a man 'skateboarding' down a set of outdoor stairs on a rake, performing tricks along the way. When he reaches the bottom of the stairs, he accidentally steps on the rake, which flips up to smack him in the face." width="42%" height="42%" />
.center[
<span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>- Twitter, source unknown</span>
]
]

---
class: center, middle

## <svg aria-label="Google Logo" role="img" viewBox="0 0 488 512" style="height:1em;width:0.95em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Google Logo</title><path d="M488 261.8C488 403.3 391.1 504 248 504 110.8 504 0 393.2 0 256S110.8 8 248 8c66.8 0 123 24.5 166.3 64.9l-67.5 64.9C258.5 52.6 94.3 116.6 94.3 256c0 86.5 69.1 156.6 153.7 156.6 98.2 0 135-70.4 140.8-106.9H248v-85.3h236.1c2.3 12.7 3.9 24.9 3.9 41.4z"/></svg>et <svg aria-label="Google Logo" role="img" viewBox="0 0 488 512" style="height:1em;width:0.95em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#05859B;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Google Logo</title><path d="M488 261.8C488 403.3 391.1 504 248 504 110.8 504 0 393.2 0 256S110.8 8 248 8c66.8 0 123 24.5 166.3 64.9l-67.5 64.9C258.5 52.6 94.3 116.6 94.3 256c0 86.5 69.1 156.6 153.7 156.6 98.2 0 135-70.4 140.8-106.9H248v-85.3h236.1c2.3 12.7 3.9 24.9 3.9 41.4z"/></svg>oogling 
<img src="media/google.gif" width="60%" />

Slides created via the R packages:

[**xaringan**](https://github.com/yihui/xaringan)<br>
[**gadenbuie/xaringanthemer**](https://github.com/gadenbuie/xaringanthemer)

<span style = 'font-size: 75%;'>*If you see mistakes or want to suggest changes, please create an [issue](https://github.com/UCSB-MEDS/teach-me-how-to-google/issues) on the source repository.*</span>

---

## <svg aria-label="Laptop Code" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#93C6C2;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><title>Laptop Code</title><path d="M255.03 261.65c6.25 6.25 16.38 6.25 22.63 0l11.31-11.31c6.25-6.25 6.25-16.38 0-22.63L253.25 192l35.71-35.72c6.25-6.25 6.25-16.38 0-22.63l-11.31-11.31c-6.25-6.25-16.38-6.25-22.63 0l-58.34 58.34c-6.25 6.25-6.25 16.38 0 22.63l58.35 58.34zm96.01-11.3l11.31 11.31c6.25 6.25 16.38 6.25 22.63 0l58.34-58.34c6.25-6.25 6.25-16.38 0-22.63l-58.34-58.34c-6.25-6.25-16.38-6.25-22.63 0l-11.31 11.31c-6.25 6.25-6.25 16.38 0 22.63L386.75 192l-35.71 35.72c-6.25 6.25-6.25 16.38 0 22.63zM624 416H381.54c-.74 19.81-14.71 32-32.74 32H288c-18.69 0-33.02-17.47-32.77-32H16c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v16c0 35.2 28.8 64 64 64h512c35.2 0 64-28.8 64-64v-16c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16zM576 48c0-26.4-21.6-48-48-48H112C85.6 0 64 21.6 64 48v336h512V48zm-64 272H128V64h384v256z"/></svg> Practice problems

Put your Googling and debugging skills to the test!

Copy and paste the following coding challenges into an R script or Rmd file. Problems may have more than one error or missing code (be mindful, you might not even get an error message) to identify and fix.

More than one solution may exist for each problem. Note the steps (Googling, looking at documentation, reading error messages, etc.) you take to arrive at your solution and compare with a friend!

*Remember:* running code line-by-line is one of the best ways to isolate errors.

---
## Problem 1

**Goal:** You have two data sets, `a` and `b`. Each contain the same attributes (i.e. columns) -- `month`, `season`, and `daylight_savings`. Identify which records (i.e. rows of data) in data table `a` are not contained in data table `b`.

```r
a <- data.frame(month = c("October", "November", "December", "January", "February"),
                season = c("Fall", "Fall", "Winter", "Winter", "Winter"),
                daylight_savings = c("yes", "partly", "no", "no", "no"))

b <- data.frame(month = c("October", "December", "February"),
                season = c("Fall", "Winter", "Winter"),
                daylight_savings = c("yes", "no", "no"))
```

---
## Problem 1 (a solution)

b <- data.frame(month = c("October", "December", "February"),
                season = c("Fall", "Winter", "Winter"),
                daylight_savings = c("yes", "no", "no"))

*difference <- anti_join(a, b)
difference
```

```
##      month season daylight_savings
## 1 November   Fall           partly
## 2  January Winter               no
```

---
## Problem 2

**Goal:** Modify the following code such that it sorts any **blue** animals from the `animals` vector into the `blue_animals` vector.

```r
##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
##  ~ vector of animals  ----
##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

animals <- c("blue tang", "red panda", "Blue jay",
             "green sea turtle", "blue morpho butterfly", 
             "Blue iguana", "Red squirrel")

##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
##  ~ initialize empty vector to store blue-colored animals  ----
##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

blue_animals <- c()

##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
##  ~ sort blue animals into their own list  ----
##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

for (i in 1:length(animals)){
  
  current_animal <- animals[i]
  
  if(isTRUE(str_detect(current_animal, "blue"))){
    
    message("The '", current_animal, "' is a blue animal")
    
    blue_animals <- current_animal
    
  }
  
}
```

---

## Problem 2 (a solution)

**Goal:** Modify the following code such that it sorts any **blue** animals from the `animals` vector into the `blue_animals` vector.

```r
##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
##  ~ vector of animals  ----
##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

animals <- c("blue tang", "red panda", "Blue jay",
             "green sea turtle", "blue morpho butterfly", 
             "Blue iguana", "Red squirrel")

##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
##  ~ initialize empty vector to store blue-colored animals  ----
##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

blue_animals <- c()

##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
##  ~ sort blue animals into their own list  ----
##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

for (i in 1:length(animals)){
  
  current_animal <- animals[i]
  
* if(isTRUE(str_detect(current_animal, "(?i)blue"))){
    
    message("The '", current_animal, "' is a blue animal")
    
*   blue_animals <- append(blue_animals, current_animal)
    
  }
  
}
```

---
## Problem 3 (slide 1/2)

**Goal:** Modify the following code (on slide 2/2) to recreate the plot below

---
## Problem 3 (slide 2/2)

```r
library(tidyverse)
library(palmerpenguins)

ggplot(data = penguins, aes(x = species, y = body_mass_g), shape = sex) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.2, position = position_jitterdodge(dodge.width = 0.8)) +

# means & standard devs
  stat_summary(mapping = aes(color = species),
               fun = "mean", geom = "point", size = 4) +
  stat_summary(mapping = aes(color = species),
               fun = "mean", geom = "errorbar", size = 1, width = 0.2,
               fun.max = function(x) mean(x) + sd(x),
               fun.min = function(x) mean(x) - sd(x)) +

# change colors/shapes
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#FF8C02", "#A93FF1", "#148F90"), name = "Species") + 
  scale_shape_manual(values = c(15, 16), name = "Sex") + 
  
  # add nicer axis labels + title + caption
  labs(x = "Penguin Species", 
       y = "Body Mass (g)",
       title = "Body mass of female vs. male adelie, chinstrap, and gentoo penguins",
       subtitle = "Colored points represent mean body mass (± SD)",
       caption = "Data Source: Dr. Kristen Gorman, LTER Palmer Station") +
 
  theme_classic() + 
  theme(
        plot.title = element_rect(hjust = 0, size = 14),
        axis.text = element_text(color = "black", size = 10),
        axis.title = element_rect(color = "black", size = 14),
        plot.caption = element_text(size = 7, hjust = 1, color = "gray", face = "italic"),
        panel.border = element_rect(color = "black", size = 0.7, fill = NA))
```

---
## Problem 3 (a solution)

```r
library(tidyverse)
library(palmerpenguins)

*ggplot(data = na.omit(penguins), aes(x = species, y = body_mass_g, shape = sex)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.2, position = position_jitterdodge(dodge.width = 0.8)) +

# means & standard devs
  stat_summary(mapping = aes(color = species),
               fun = "mean", geom = "point", size = 4,
*              position = position_dodge(width = 0.8)) +
  stat_summary(mapping = aes(color = species),
               fun = "mean", geom = "errorbar", size = 1, width = 0.2,
               fun.max = function(x) mean(x) + sd(x),
               fun.min = function(x) mean(x) - sd(x),
*              position = position_dodge(width = 0.8)) +

# change colors/shapes
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#FF8C02", "#A93FF1", "#148F90"), name = "Species") + 
  scale_shape_manual(values = c(15, 16), name = "Sex") + 
  
  # add nicer axis labels + title + caption
  labs(x = "Penguin Species", 
       y = "Body Mass (g)",
       title = "Body mass of female vs. male adelie, chinstrap, and gentoo penguins",
       subtitle = "Colored points represent mean body mass (± SD)",
       caption = "Data Source: Dr. Kristen Gorman, LTER Palmer Station") +
 
  theme_classic() + 
  theme(
*       plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0, size = 14),
        axis.text = element_text(color = "black", size = 10),
*       axis.title = element_text(color = "black", size = 14),
        plot.caption = element_text(size = 7, hjust = 1, color = "gray", face = "italic"),
        panel.border = element_rect(color = "black", size = 0.7, fill = NA))
```